Quantitative assessment of independent contributions of pericardium and septum to direct ventricular interaction.

In the intact animal, it is difficult to discriminate between the independent effects of series and direct ventricular interaction (DI) or the individual contributions of the pericardium and septum to DI. Left ventricular (LV) venous return (LVVR) and right ventricular (RV) end-diastolic pressure (RVEDP) were varied independently in a right-heart bypass model. LV minor-axis diameters were measured, and the product of the two diameters was used as an index of LV volume (LVVI). At each RVEDP (0, 5, 10, and 15 mmHg), increased LVVR caused an increased LVVI. When RVEDP was increased, increased pump output was required to maintain a given LVVI. RV-to-LV pressure gain (ΔLVEDP/ΔRVEDP) reflects coupling and DI. With the pericardium closed, the gain was dependent on RVEDP; when RVEDP was increased from 0 to 5 mmHg, the gain was not statistically different from zero, indicating little or no DI. When RVEDP was increased from 10 to 15 mmHg, the gain was not statistically different from 1.0, indicating ∼1:1 coupling of the ventricles. Opening the pericardium reduced the gain, but significant interaction remained. When the septal contribution was accounted for, the remaining interaction was eliminated. In conclusion, DI substantially affects LVEDP-volume relations. Considerable increases in RV output may be required to counterbalance increased constraint to LV filling. With the pericardium closed, RV-to-LV coupling is minimal when RVEDP is low and increases to 1:1 coupling when RVEDP is high. Opening the pericardium reduces DI, but significant septum-mediated interaction remains.